The Reformed Protestant tradition has long critiqued Roman Catholicism on theological, ecclesiastical, and doctrinal grounds. Rooted in the principles of the Reformation, these critiques emphasize the authority of Scripture, justification by faith alone, and the sufficiency of Christ’s work. Below, we explore key concerns raised by Reformed theologians and Puritans regarding Roman Catholic doctrine.
1. The Authority of Scripture vs. Tradition
One of the central issues between Reformed Protestantism and Roman Catholicism is the question of authority. The Catholic Church holds that Scripture and Sacred Tradition are equally authoritative, with the Magisterium serving as the official interpreter. Reformed Protestants, however, adhere to sola Scriptura, the belief that Scripture alone is the ultimate authority in matters of faith.
John Calvin, a leading Reformer, emphasized this point:
“The Word of God is the sole rule of our faith and practice. To add to it is to corrupt it; to take from it is to deface it.” — John Calvin
2. Justification by Faith Alone
The doctrine of justification was a major point of contention during the Reformation. The Catholic Church teaches that justification is a process involving faith, works, and sacraments. In contrast, Reformed Protestants affirm sola fide, the belief that justification comes by faith alone, apart from works.
Puritan theologian Thomas Watson wrote:
“To know that nothing hurts the godly, is a matter of comfort; but to be assured that all things which fall out shall co-operate for their good, that their crosses shall be turned into blessings, that showers of affliction water the withering root of their grace and make it flourish more; this may fill their hearts with joy till they run over.” — Thomas Watson
3. The Role of the Papacy
Reformed Protestants reject the Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy, arguing that Christ alone is the head of the Church. The Pope’s claim to infallibility and authority over all Christians is seen as an unbiblical addition.
John Owen, a Puritan theologian, critiqued this view:
“Labour to grow better under all your afflictions, lest your afflictions grow worse, lest God mingle them with more darkness, bitterness and terror.” — John Owen
4. The Sacraments and Transubstantiation
The Catholic Church teaches that the Eucharist involves transubstantiation, where the bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ. Reformed Protestants reject this, affirming that the Lord’s Supper is a symbolic remembrance of Christ’s sacrifice.
Richard Baxter, another Puritan, stated:
“Death is half disarmed when the pleasures and interests of the flesh are first denied.” — Richard Baxter
Conclusion
The Reformed Protestant critique of Roman Catholicism is rooted in a commitment to biblical authority, justification by faith alone, and the sufficiency of Christ’s work. While acknowledging the historical significance of Catholicism, Reformed theologians and Puritans have consistently argued that its doctrines diverge from the teachings of Scripture.
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